What must a refrigeration system remove to convert water at 32°F to ice at the same temperature?

To convert water at 32°F to ice at the same temperature, the refrigeration system must remove the latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of fusion refers to the amount of energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a solid at its melting/freezing point without changing its temperature.

In this case, the water is already at 32°F, which is the freezing point. When the refrigeration system removes the latent heat of fusion, it allows the water molecules to arrange themselves into a solid structure, forming ice. This process occurs at a constant temperature, meaning that while the heat energy is being extracted, the temperature of the water does not change until the phase change is complete.

The other types of heat mentioned, such as the latent heat of vaporization, sensible heat, and specific heat, pertain to different physical processes or temperature changes, and therefore are not applicable in this context. The focus is on the need to remove the latent heat of fusion because that's the specific energy change required for the phase transition from liquid water to solid ice.